Scalar Types

Built-in scalar classes: String, Integer, Integer64, Real, Decimal, Boolean, Char.

All scalar classes are modeled as inheriting Any and implementing Comparable and Hashable.

String

Method	Arguments	Returns	Description
length	none	Integer	Number of characters.
index_of	ch: String	Integer	First index of ch, or -1.
substring	start: Integer, end: Integer	String	Slice from start (inclusive) to end (exclusive).
to_upper	none	String	Uppercase copy.
to_lower	none	String	Lowercase copy.
to_integer	none	Integer	Parse integer value.
to_integer64	none	Integer64	Parse 64-bit integer value.
to_real	none	Real	Parse floating-point value.
to_decimal	none	Decimal	Parse decimal value.
contains	substr: String	Boolean	True if substring exists.
starts_with	prefix: String	Boolean	True if string starts with prefix.
ends_with	suffix: String	Boolean	True if string ends with suffix.
trim	none	String	Remove leading/trailing whitespace.
replace	old: String, new: String	String	Replace all occurrences of old.
char_at	idx: Integer	Char	Character at index.
split	delim: String	Array[String]	Split into an array.
plus	other: Any	String	Concatenate with other.
equals	other: Any	Boolean	Equality check.
not_equals	other: Any	Boolean	Inequality check.
less_than	other: String	Boolean	Lexicographic <.
less_than_or_equal	other: String	Boolean	Lexicographic <=.
greater_than	other: String	Boolean	Lexicographic >.
greater_than_or_equal	other: String	Boolean	Lexicographic >=.
compare	other: Any	Integer	Ordering as integer result.
hash	none	Integer	Hash code.
cursor	none	StringCursor	Create character iterator.

Integer

Bitwise operations use 32-bit integer semantics. Bit index 0 is the least-significant bit. For method calls on integer literals, wrap the literal in parentheses: (5).bitwise_left_shift(1).

Method	Arguments	Returns	Description
to_string	none	String	Convert to string.
abs	none	Integer	Absolute value.
min	other: Integer	Integer	Smaller of two values.
max	other: Integer	Integer	Larger of two values.
pick	none	Integer	Random integer in [0, self).
bitwise_left_shift	n: Integer	Integer	Left-shift by n bit positions.
bitwise_right_shift	n: Integer	Integer	Arithmetic right-shift by n bit positions.
bitwise_logical_right_shift	n: Integer	Integer	Logical right-shift by n bit positions.
bitwise_rotate_left	n: Integer	Integer	Rotate bits left by n positions.
bitwise_rotate_right	n: Integer	Integer	Rotate bits right by n positions.
bitwise_is_set	n: Integer	Boolean	True if bit n is set.
bitwise_set	n: Integer	Integer	Return value with bit n set to 1.
bitwise_unset	n: Integer	Integer	Return value with bit n cleared to 0.
bitwise_and	other: Integer	Integer	Bitwise AND.
bitwise_or	other: Integer	Integer	Bitwise OR.
bitwise_xor	other: Integer	Integer	Bitwise XOR.
bitwise_not	none	Integer	Bitwise complement.
plus	other: Integer	Integer	Addition.
minus	other: Integer	Integer	Subtraction.
times	other: Integer	Integer	Multiplication.
divided_by	other: Integer	Real	Division.
equals	other: Any	Boolean	Equality check.
not_equals	other: Any	Boolean	Inequality check.
less_than	other: Integer	Boolean	Numeric <.
less_than_or_equal	other: Integer	Boolean	Numeric <=.
greater_than	other: Integer	Boolean	Numeric >.
greater_than_or_equal	other: Integer	Boolean	Numeric >=.
compare	other: Any	Integer	Ordering as integer result.
hash	none	Integer	Hash code.

Integer64

Method	Arguments	Returns	Description
to_string	none	String	Convert to string.
abs	none	Integer64	Absolute value.
min	other: Integer64	Integer64	Smaller of two values.
max	other: Integer64	Integer64	Larger of two values.
plus	other: Integer64	Integer64	Addition.
minus	other: Integer64	Integer64	Subtraction.
times	other: Integer64	Integer64	Multiplication.
divided_by	other: Integer64	Real	Division.
equals	other: Any	Boolean	Equality check.
not_equals	other: Any	Boolean	Inequality check.
less_than	other: Integer64	Boolean	Numeric <.
less_than_or_equal	other: Integer64	Boolean	Numeric <=.
greater_than	other: Integer64	Boolean	Numeric >.
greater_than_or_equal	other: Integer64	Boolean	Numeric >=.
compare	other: Any	Integer	Ordering as integer result.
hash	none	Integer	Hash code.

Real

Real literals must include at least one digit after the decimal point. Valid forms include 3.14, 10.0, .5, and 12.0e-3. Forms such as 10. and 12.e-3 are not valid real literals.

Method	Arguments	Returns	Description
to_string	none	String	Convert to string.
abs	none	Real	Absolute value.
min	other: Real	Real	Smaller of two values.
max	other: Real	Real	Larger of two values.
round	none	Integer	Round to nearest integer.
plus	other: Real	Real	Addition.
minus	other: Real	Real	Subtraction.
times	other: Real	Real	Multiplication.
divided_by	other: Real	Real	Division.
equals	other: Any	Boolean	Equality check.
not_equals	other: Any	Boolean	Inequality check.
less_than	other: Real	Boolean	Numeric <.
less_than_or_equal	other: Real	Boolean	Numeric <=.
greater_than	other: Real	Boolean	Numeric >.
greater_than_or_equal	other: Real	Boolean	Numeric >=.
compare	other: Any	Integer	Ordering as integer result.
hash	none	Integer	Hash code.

Decimal

Method	Arguments	Returns	Description
to_string	none	String	Convert to string.
abs	none	Decimal	Absolute value.
min	other: Decimal	Decimal	Smaller of two values.
max	other: Decimal	Decimal	Larger of two values.
round	none	Integer	Round to nearest integer.
plus	other: Decimal	Decimal	Addition.
minus	other: Decimal	Decimal	Subtraction.
times	other: Decimal	Decimal	Multiplication.
divided_by	other: Decimal	Decimal	Division.
equals	other: Any	Boolean	Equality check.
not_equals	other: Any	Boolean	Inequality check.
less_than	other: Decimal	Boolean	Numeric <.
less_than_or_equal	other: Decimal	Boolean	Numeric <=.
greater_than	other: Decimal	Boolean	Numeric >.
greater_than_or_equal	other: Decimal	Boolean	Numeric >=.
compare	other: Any	Integer	Ordering as integer result.
hash	none	Integer	Hash code.

Boolean

Method	Arguments	Returns	Description
to_string	none	String	Convert to string.
and	other: Boolean	Boolean	Logical conjunction.
or	other: Boolean	Boolean	Logical disjunction.
not	none	Boolean	Logical negation.
equals	other: Any	Boolean	Equality check.
not_equals	other: Any	Boolean	Inequality check.
compare	other: Any	Integer	Ordering as integer result.
hash	none	Integer	Hash code.

Char

Method	Arguments	Returns	Description
to_string	none	String	Convert to one-character string.
to_upper	none	Char	Uppercase character.
to_lower	none	Char	Lowercase character.
compare	other: Any	Integer	Ordering as integer result.
hash	none	Integer	Hash code.

Examples

let s := "  Nex  "
print(s.trim().to_upper())        -- "NEX"
print(s.contains("ex"))           -- true

let n: Integer := 7
print(n.plus(5))                  -- 12
print(n.pick())                   -- random integer in [0, 7)
print(5.bitwise_left_shift(1))    -- 10
print(6.bitwise_and(3))           -- 2

let r: Real := 3.6
print(r.round())                  -- 4

let b: Boolean := true
print(b.and(false))               -- false